The Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built by humans. All its parts together measure about twenty-one thousand kilometers. That is half the distance around the Earth.
Chinese emperors built the wall to stop riders from the northern steppe. Many of those riders were the ancestors of modern Mongolians. The wall had watchtowers, and guards sent smoke signals when they saw danger. A message could travel hundreds of kilometers in a few hours — from tower to tower.
Building the wall took almost two thousand years. Millions of workers carried every stone by hand. Today the wall no longer stops anyone — instead, it invites millions of visitors every year.